In the U.S., major debts that, like student loans, do not easily disappear through bankruptcy and must be repaid over a lifetime include:

Child Support and Alimony
Child support, as ordered by the court after divorce, or alimony, must be paid as long as there is income. These obligations are not discharged in bankruptcy, meaning they may need to be repaid for a lifetime if income continues.

Unpaid Taxes (Especially Related to Fraud or Concealment)
Among unpaid taxes owed to the IRS, those resulting from fraudulent activities such as tax evasion or omissions do not have a statute of limitations. This means that not only the principal but also interest and penalties can continue to accumulate and may remain permanently.

Criminal Restitution and Fines
Restitution ordered to compensate victims in criminal trials or fines resulting from crimes cannot be eliminated through bankruptcy. As long as there are tangible or intangible assets, they remain subject to collection.

Some Medical Debt
Medical costs in the U.S. can be astronomical, often resulting in significant residual medical bills even after insurance coverage. These debts frequently convert to credit card or personal loans and can linger for a long time, classified as priority debts in bankruptcy, making full discharge difficult.

Court-Ordered Damages
Damages resulting from personal lawsuits or traffic accident judgments are also limited in dischargeability during bankruptcy. Particularly in cases recognized as intentional or gross negligence, full repayment may still be required.

Federal and State Fines and Penalties
Some fines or penalties imposed for traffic violations, environmental regulation breaches, etc., do not disappear through bankruptcy. Especially, fines for violations of environmental laws are prioritized for collection.

Additionally, certain business debts or obligations to repay government grants are also excluded from bankruptcy discharge, potentially remaining a long-term burden.

The dischargeability of debts varies based on the type of debt, the circumstances of its occurrence, and the type of bankruptcy (Chapter 7, 11, 13, etc.), so it is advisable to consult with a lawyer or financial advisor for specific situations.